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Learning while working
                  56  Success stories on workplace learning in Europe





                     shortages and training needs at company and sectoral level, and helping
                     workers develop transferable skills to increase employability or readiness
                     to progress or change position within their current employment. Unions are
                     also developing guidance and learning services to assist their members
                     to deal with sectoral and organisational change, anticipate redundancy or
                     plan for retirement.
                       The scope, extent and forms of collective bargaining for lifelong learning
                     within enterprises are affected by national industrial relations settings, in
                     particular, the centrality of lifelong learning in both social dialogue and
                     the trade union bargaining agenda and social partner involvement in the
                     design of occupation standards, qualifications and training systems and
                     programmes. Factors that determine the scope and outcomes of social
                     dialogue in relation to providing workers with learning opportunities include
                     the number of SMEs and non-unionised workplaces in a sector, training
                     incentives available for employers and employees, and how the interlinking
                     between skill development, productivity, adaptation to sectoral change and
                     innovation is perceived (Cedefop, 2008a, p. 45-49).
                       The chapter briefly addresses the incidence of collective bargaining
                     in employer training provision and discusses commendable examples of
                     practice in which trade unions and employers develop lifelong learning
                     strategies in the workplace.



                     4.2.   Widening access to learning through
                         collective bargaining

                     Skills development is an important commodity for collective bargaining, as
                     discussed in a joint publication by Cedefop and Eurofound on the contributions
                     of social dialogue to lifelong learning (Eurofound and Cedefop, 2009). Collective
                     agreements may bring substantial developments in national and sectoral
                     lifelong learning agendas, expanding learning opportunities to collectives of
                     employees that tend typically to be excluded from training and education,
                     either because fewer opportunities are available to them or because they are
                     less inclined to take on learning; examples are given below.
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