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Guidance supporting Europe’s aspiring entrepreneurs
Policy and practice to harness future potential

Hence, it is worth clarifying that in this study the term ‘entrepreneur’ refers to all
individuals who have a business or businesses that take on financial risks, as
opposed to working for an employer. This includes owners of businesses with or
without employees. Therefore, entrepreneurship in the context of this study
ranges in scale from solo projects (that might only involve the entrepreneur on a
part-time basis) to major undertakings creating many job opportunities.
New entrepreneurs (also known as novice and nascent entrepreneurs) are
those business owners who have recently set up a business (i.e. have had their
own business for up to two years). Aspiring entrepreneurs (also known as
prospective, ‘wanna-be’, and would-be entrepreneurs) are those who are
thinking, or are in the process, of launching their own business.

1.2.2. Entrepreneurship learning
Most of the literature refers to education and training related to entrepreneurship
as entrepreneurship education. For this study the term ‘entrepreneurship
learning’ has been used to cover all entrepreneurship education and training
which promotes creativity, innovation and business start-up. The term
entrepreneurship education is often associated with general business or
economic studies, whereas the definition of entrepreneurship learning is a
broader concept which embraces learning that builds ‘knowledge and skills
about, or for the purpose of, entrepreneurship’ (Martínez et al., 2010, p. 11).
Thus, entrepreneurship learning covers, for example:
• education about being enterprising and entrepreneurial in the more general
sense;
• education about entrepreneurship, including the context for and philosophy
behind entrepreneurship;
• training linked to starting a business.

1.2.3. IVET and HE
Initial vocational education and training (IVET) refers to upper secondary level
vocational education (ISCED 3). Higher education (HE) refers to tertiary level
studies (ISCED 5 and 6); studies of both academic (universities) and vocational
character (e.g. polytechnics and technical higher education institutions).

1.2.4. Career management skills
Career management skills (CMS) relate to a wider view of a person’s
development, to the development of ‘meta-competences’ that are not
occupation–specific but are transferable, thus helping individuals to manage
better their learning and work. The European Lifelong Guidance Policy Network

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